Hyperpigmentation

Hyperpigmentation happens when there is an overproduction or uneven production of melanin. Melanin is a pigment produced by the basal cells of the dermis called melanocytes. These cells coexist with other cells called keratinocytes, which are the dead cells forming the stratum corneum or epidermis (top layer of the skin). Many factors can cause over or uneven production of melanin. These include birth control pills, pregnancy, hormone replacement therapy, sun exposure, drugs containing phototoxic agents, abrasions or acne.

Hyperpigmentation types include:
Freckles: Most common form of hyperpigmentation which resembles a cluster of small brown spot, usually inflicting those with fair skin. Heredity influences freckles as well.
Melasma: A form of large patches of hyperpigmentation more commonly found in women, caused by hormones, sun exposure, stress and pregnancy.
Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation: Usually caused by trauma damage to the skin. Common traumas include acne, burns and aggressive medical treatments.
Sun Spots: Well defined spots found anywhere in the body caused by sun exposure. These spots can have different colors, sizes and shapes.